刚刚, 当地时间3月8日，美国白宫在其网站上发表声明（全文见文末），称美国总统拜登正式签署了禁止美国从俄罗斯进口能源的行政令。声明中详细介绍了这项行政令的内容，其中包括：禁止进口俄罗斯原油和某些石油产品、液化天然气和煤炭；禁止美国对俄罗斯能源部门的新投资；禁止美国人资助或支持在俄罗斯投资能源公司等。同时，拜登表示，他将继续努力减轻因能源价格上涨给美国家庭带来的压力，并减少美国对外国石油和化石燃料的依赖。美国政府已经承诺在本财年释放超过9000万桶战略石油储备。美国政府也正在与一系列能源生产商和消费者就可以采取的进一步措施进行对话，以确保稳定的全球能源供应。作为对于石油禁运的初步回应，克里姆林宫周二发布了一项法令，称将在西方石油禁令之后限制部分商品的出口，但尚未说明具体细节。英国方面：当地时间3月8日，英国宣布计划将在2022年底前停止进口俄罗斯石油和相应石油产品，以进一步加强对俄制裁。预计英国将逐步调整从美国和中东购买石油。英国商务大臣科沃滕表示，企业和供应链进行调整的"时间绰绰有余"。他敦促企业"利用今年剩余时间确保平稳过渡，以免消费者受到影响"。当前，俄罗斯石油进口占英国需求的8%。目前，英国尚未宣布是否停止从俄罗斯进口天然气。欧盟方面：3月8日，据央视新闻报道，欧盟委员会提议，欧盟国家今年削减2/3从俄罗斯进口的天然气。但提议需欧盟27个成员国一致同意才能生效。同时，英国政府也正式宣布，将在2022年底前逐步停止进口俄罗斯石油及相关产品。法国方面: “一切都摆在台面上，”法国贸易部长弗兰克·里斯特（Franck Riester）3月7日对法国信息广播电台说，法国必须考量禁止从俄罗斯进口石油和天然气，同时应当考虑“这么做对俄罗斯经济、社会等方面的影响，以及对于欧洲的影响。”法国总统马克龙办公室3月8日晚间表示，法国在采取任何进一步措施，之前必须与欧盟协调，但马克龙承认欧洲需要减少对俄罗斯的依赖。“美国不依赖俄罗斯的石油和天然气，但欧洲国家不然，”马克龙办公室发声明说，“我们有摆脱对俄罗斯石油和天然气依赖的长期政策，但当下，我们需要与欧洲伙伴讨论这个问题。”意大利方面 : 虽然意大利非常依赖俄罗斯天然气，但该国政府表示，如果欧盟决定切断对俄罗斯天然气和石油的消费，意大利不会反对。
德国方面: 德国总理朔尔茨7日表示，进口俄罗斯能源对欧洲人日常生活“至关重要”，禁运会将欧洲能源安全置于危险境地。德方正在加快寻找替代选项，但无法在一夜之间停止进口俄罗斯能源。当地时间3月7日，德国总理朔尔茨办公室发表声明称，德国支持对俄罗斯“入侵”乌克兰采取“广泛和有针对性的制裁”，但这不包括制裁俄罗斯能源。因为这对德国公民的日常生活至关重要，且“没有其他办法”确保欧盟的能源供应。以下是美国关于禁止从俄罗斯进口能源的声明原文（全文）：Today, President Biden will sign an Executive Order (E.O.) to ban the import of Russian oil, liquefied natural gas, and coal to the United States – a significant action with widespread bipartisan support that will further deprive President Putin of the economic resources he uses to continue his needless war of choice.The United States made this decision in close consultation with our Allies and partners around the world, as well as Members of Congress of both parties. The United States is able to take this step because of our strong domestic energy infrastructure and we recognize that not all of our Allies and partners are currently in a position to join us. But we are united with our Allies and partners in working together to reduce our collective dependence on Russian energy and keep the pressure mounting on Putin, while at the same taking active steps to limit impacts on global energy markets and protect our own economies.This announcement builds on unprecedented economic costs the United States and our Allies and partners have imposed on Russia. As a result of our historic, multilateral coordination, Russia has become a global economic and financial pariah. Over 30 countries representing well over half the world’s economy have announced sanctions that impose immediate and severe economic costs on Russia, cut off access to high-tech technology, sap its growth potential, and weaken its military for years to come. The Russian ruble is now worth less than a penny and has hit an all-time low after losing almost half of its value since Putin announced his further invasion of Ukraine. By isolating Russia’s Central Bank and cutting off the largest Russian banks from the international financial system, we have disarmed his war chest of foreign reserves and left Putin to soften the blow of our sanctions. U.S. and allied export controls are impacting industrial production in Russia, Russian commercial aviation, and other key sectors of the Russian economy. The United States and governments all over the world are going after Putin’s cronies and their families by identifying and freezing the assets they hold in our respective jurisdictions – their yachts, luxury apartments, money, and other ill-gotten gains.Today’s Executive Order bans:- The importation into the United States of Russian crude oil and certain petroleum products, liquefied natural gas, and coal. Last year, the U.S. imported nearly 700,000 barrels per day of crude oil and refined petroleum products from Russia and this step will deprive Russia of billions of dollars in revenues from U.S. drivers and consumers annually.
- New U.S. investment in Russia’s energy sector, which will ensure that American companies and American investors are not underwriting Vladimir Putin’s efforts to expand energy production inside Russia.
- Americans will also be prohibited from financing or enabling foreign companies that are making investment to produce energy in Russia.
- Putin’s brutal war has led to higher energy prices and raised costs for Americans at home. Today, President Biden made clear that he will keep working to mitigate the pain American families feel at the pump and reduce our dependence on foreign oil and fossil fuels:
- The Administration has already committed to releasing more than 90 million barrels from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve this fiscal year, with an emergency sale of 30 million barrels announced just last week. After intensive around-the-clock coordination and consultation by President Biden, the International Energy Agency (IEA) Member countries agreed to a collective release of an initial 60 million barrels of crude oil from our strategic petroleum reserves, with the United States committing half of that in the emergency sale. We are in conversations with a range of energy producers and consumers on further steps we can take to ensure a stable global supply of energy.
- U.S. oil and gas production is approaching record highs, while thousands of drilling permits on federal lands go unused. Federal policies are not limiting the production of oil and gas. To the contrary, the Biden Administration has been clear that in the short-term, supply must keep up with demand, at home and around the world while we make the shift to a secure clean energy future. We are one of the world’s largest producers with a strong domestic oil and gas industry. Natural gas production has never been higher, and crude oil production is expected to hit a new high next year. Oil and gas companies, and the finance firms that back them, should not use Putin’s war as an excuse for excess price increases or padding profits, and, as major energy company leaders have themselves said, they have the resources and incentives they need to further increase production in the United States.
- In the long run, the way to avoid high gas prices is to speed up – not slow down – our transition to a clean energy future. We cannot drill our way out of dependence on a global commodity controlled in part by foreign nations and their leaders, including Putin. The only way to eliminate Putin’s and every other producing country’s ability to use oil as an economic weapon, is to reduce our dependency on oil. So, even as President Biden does everything in his power in the short term to make sure we can readily access the oil and gas necessary to protect American consumers and allied countries– including through greater U.S. domestic production that is expected to hit record highs next year – this crisis reinforces our resolve to make America truly energy independent, which means reducing our dependence on fossil fuels. This is a shared goal with our European allies, that we will work together to achieve. ###
以下是美国关于禁止从俄罗斯进口能源的总统令原文全文：
Executive Order on Prohibiting Certain Imports and New Investments With Respect to Continued Russian Federation Efforts to Undermine the Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity of Ukraine
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code,I, JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR., President of the United States of America, hereby expand the scope of the national emergency declared in Executive Order 14024 of April 15, 2021, and relied on for additional steps taken in Executive Order 14039 of August 20, 2021, finding that the Russian Federation’s unjustified, unprovoked, unyielding, and unconscionable war against Ukraine, including its recent further invasion in violation of international law, including the United Nations Charter, further threatens the peace, stability, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of Ukraine, and thereby constitutes an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. Accordingly, I hereby order:Section 1. (a) The following are prohibited:(i) the importation into the United States of the following products of Russian Federation origin: crude oil; petroleum; petroleum fuels, oils, and products of their distillation; liquefied natural gas; coal; and coal products;(ii) new investment in the energy sector in the Russian Federation by a United States person, wherever located; and(iii) any approval, financing, facilitation, or guarantee by a United States person, wherever located, of a transaction by a foreign person where the transaction by that foreign person would be prohibited by this section if performed by a United States person or within the United States.(b) The prohibitions in subsection (a) of this section apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract entered into or license or permit granted prior to the date of this order.Sec. 2. (a) Any transaction that evades or avoids, has the purpose of evading or avoiding, causes a violation of, or attempts to violate any of the prohibitions set forth in this order is prohibited.(b) Any conspiracy formed to violate any of the prohibitions set forth in this order is prohibited.Sec. 3. Nothing in this order shall prohibit transactions for the conduct of the official business of the Federal Government or the United Nations (including its specialized agencies, programs, funds, and related organizations) by employees, grantees, or contractors thereof.Sec. 4. For the purposes of this order:(a) the term “entity” means a partnership, association, trust, joint venture, corporation, group, subgroup, or other organization;(b) the term “person” means an individual or entity; and(c) the term “United States person” means any United States citizen, lawful permanent resident, entity organized under the laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United States (including foreign branches), or any person in the United States.Sec. 5. The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to take such actions, including the promulgation of rules and regulations, and to employ all powers granted to the President by IEEPA, as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this order. The Secretary of the Treasury may, consistent with applicable law, redelegate any of these functions within the Department of the Treasury. All executive departments and agencies of the United States shall take all appropriate measures within their authority to implement this order.Sec. 6. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
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